Writing matrices in LaTeX

To use the below matrices LaTeX code you need to add the below package to your document

\usepackage{nicematrix}

vertical space between the rows

Up to the present time, rows of the arrays created by default are too close to each other as can be seen from the below example

$\begin{pmatrix}
\frac{1}{2} & \frac{1}{2} \\
\frac{1}{3} & \frac{1}{4} \\
\end{pmatrix}$

$\begin{pmatrix} \frac{1}{2} & \frac{1}{2} \\ \frac{1}{3} & \frac{1}{4} \end{pmatrix}$

To solve this problem the nicematrix provides two parameters

cell –space-top-limit and
cell – space –bottom -limit

there is another parameter called cell-space-limits to set both parameters at once

\NiceMatrixOptions{cell-space-limits = 1pt}
$\begin{pNiceMatrix}
\frac12 & \frac12 \\
\frac13 & \frac14 \\
\end{pNiceMatrix}$

$\NiceMatrixOptions{cell-space-limits =1pt} \begin{pNiceMatrix} \frac12 & \frac12 \\ \frac13 & \frac14 \\ \end{pNiceMatrix}$

vertical position of the arrays

The parameter baseline is used to adjust the vertical position of the matrix to demonstrate, you adjust the position of letter A from up and down

$A = \begin{pNiceMatrix}[baseline=2]
7 & p & 1 \\
1 & 1 & 1 \\
1 & p & 1
\end{pNiceMatrix}$

$A = \begin{pNiceMatrix}[baseline=2] 7 & p & 1 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & p & 1 \end{pNiceMatrix}$

In the same fashion, the parameter baseline can be aligned with a matrix on a horizontal rule (draw by \hline)

$\NiceMatrixOptions{cell-space-limits=1pt}
A=\begin{pNiceArray}{cc|cc}[baseline=line-3]
\dfrac{1}{A} & \dfrac{1}{B} & 0 & 0 \\
\dfrac{1}{C} & \dfrac{1}{D} & 0 & 0 \\
\hline
0 & 0 & A & B \\
0 & 0 & D & D \\
\end{pNiceArray} $

$\NiceMatrixOptions{cell-space-limits=1pt} A=\begin{pNiceArray}{cc|cc}[baseline=line-3] \dfrac{1}{A} & \dfrac{1}{B} & 0 & 0 \\ \dfrac{1}{C} & \dfrac{1}{D} & 0 & 0 \\ \hline 0 & 0 & A & B \\ 0 & 0 & D & D \\ \end{pNiceArray}$

The block command

At this time, you can use the command \Block to place an element straightway in the center of a rectangle of merged cells of the array

The first argument of the \Block command is the size of the block of an order [ i-j ] where i is the number of rows and j is the number of columns

The second argument of the \Block command is the content of the block

$\begin{bNiceArray}{cw{c}{1cm}c|c}[margin]
\Block{3-3}{A} & & & 0 \\
& & & \Vdots \\
& & & 0 \\
\hline
0 & \Cdots& 0 & 0
\end{bNiceArray}$

$\begin{bNiceArray}{cw{c}{1cm}c|c}[margin] & & & 0 \\ & & & \\ & \beta& & \\ & & & \Vdots \\ & & & 0 \\ \hline 0 & \Cdots& 0 & 0 \end{bNiceArray}$

Thereafter, you can raise the size of Beta which was placed in the content of the block command generally, it is not possible in math mode to use straightway \large

$\begin{bNiceArray}{cw{c}{1cm}c|c}[margin]
\Block{3-3}<\Large>{\beta} & & & 0 \\
& & & \Vdots \\
& & & 0 \\
\hline
0 & \Cdots& 0 & 0
\end{bNiceArray}$

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Furthermore, the \Block command accepts its first optional arguments as square brackets[ ] such as

[l] for left
[c] for center
[r] for right

To fix the horizontal position of the content of the block

$\begin{bNiceArray}{cw{c}{1cm}c|c}[margin]
\Block[l]{3-3}<\Large>{\beta} & & & 0 \\
& & & \Vdots \\
& & & 0 \\
\hline
0 & \Cdots& 0 & 0
\end{bNiceArray}$

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At this time, you fill the block with color by using the optional argument [fill=red]

$\begin{bNiceArray}{cw{c}{1cm}c|c}[margin]
\Block[fill=red]{3-3}<\Large>{\beta} & & & 0 \\
& & & \Vdots \\
& & & 0 \\
\hline
0 & \Cdots& 0 & 0
\end{bNiceArray}$

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[draw=red] change the frame color of the block

$\begin{bNiceArray}{cw{c}{1cm}c|c}[margin]
\Block[draw=red]{3-3}<\Large>{\beta} & & & 0 \\
& & & \Vdots \\
& & & 0 \\
\hline
0 & \Cdots& 0 & 0
\end{bNiceArray}$

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[color=red] changes the frame color of the block and applies color to its content

$\begin{bNiceArray}{cw{c}{1cm}c|c}[margin]
\Block[color=red]{3-3}<\Large>{\beta} & & & 0 \\
& & & \Vdots \\
& & & 0 \\
\hline
0 & \Cdots& 0 & 0
\end{bNiceArray}$

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[hlines] draws horizontal lines in the block content

[vlines] draws vertical lines in the block content

$\begin{bNiceArray}{cw{c}{1cm}c|c}[margin]
\Block[hlines]{3-3}<\Large>{\beta} & & & 0 \\
& & & \Vdots \\
& & & 0 \\
\hline
0 & \Cdots& 0 & 0
\end{bNiceArray}$

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[hvlines] draws both horizontal and vertical lines in the block content at the same time

$\begin{bNiceArray}{cw{c}{1cm}c|c}[margin]
\Block[hvlines]{3-3}<\Large>{\beta} & & & 0 \\
& & & \Vdots \\
& & & 0 \\
\hline
0 & \Cdots& 0 & 0
\end{bNiceArray}$

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The code before command

You can align the columns with the letter l for the left side c for the center and r for the right side

$\begin{pNiceMatrix}[r,margin]
\CodeBefore
\chessboardcolors{red!15}{blue!15}
\Body
1 & -1 & 1 \\
-1 & 1 & -1 \\
1 & -1 & 1
\end{pNiceMatrix}$

Horizontal lines and vertical lines in a matrix

The vlines argument in environment {pNiceMatrix} creates vertical lines in a matrix

$\begin{pNiceMatrix}[vlines,rules/width=0.2pt]
1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & 6 \\
1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & 6 \\
1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & 6
\end{pNiceMatrix$

$\begin{pNiceMatrix}[vlines,rules/width=0.2pt] 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & 6 \\ 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & 6 \\ 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & 6 \end{pNiceMatrix}$

The hlines argument in environment {pNiceMatrix} creates horizontal lines in a matrix

$\begin{pNiceMatrix}[hlines,rules/width=0.2pt]
1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & 6 \\
1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & 6 \\
1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & 6
\end{pNiceMatrix$

$\begin{pNiceMatrix}[hlines,rules/width=0.2pt] 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & 6 \\ 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & 6 \\ 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & 6 \end{pNiceMatrix}$

The hvlines argument in environment {pNiceMatrix} creates both vertical and horizontal lines in a matrix

$\begin{pNiceMatrix}[hvlines,rules/width=0.2pt]
1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & 6 \\
1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & 6 \\
1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & 6
\end{pNiceMatrix$

$\begin{pNiceMatrix}[hvlines,rules/width=0.2pt] 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & 6 \\ 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & 6 \\ 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & 6 \end{pNiceMatrix}$

Dotted Horizontal lines and vertical lines in a matrix

Command \hdottedline creates horizontal dotted lines in a matrix

$\begin{pNiceMatrix}
1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 \\
\hdottedline
6 & 7 & 8 & 9 & 10 \\
11 & 12 & 13 & 14 & 15
\end{pNiceMatrix}$

$\begin{pNiceMatrix} 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 \\ \hdottedline 6 & 7 & 8 & 9 & 10 \\ 11 & 12 & 13 & 14 & 15 \end{pNiceMatrix}$

The specifier : creates vertical dotted lines in a matrix

$\left(\begin{NiceArray}{cc:c:c:c}
1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 \\
6 & 7 & 8 & 9 & 10 \\
11 & 12 & 13 & 14 & 15
\end{NiceArray}\right)$

$\left(\begin{NiceArray}{cc:c:c:c} 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 \\ 6 & 7 & 8 & 9 & 10 \\ 11 & 12 & 13 & 14 & 15 \end{NiceArray}\right)$

Color the row and column of a matrix

The command \columncolor can be used to color the individual column of a matrix

$\begin{pNiceMatrix}[r,margin]
\CodeBefore
\columncolor{red!15}{2}
\Body
a & -b & c \\
-d & e & -f \\
1 & -1 & 1
\end{pNiceMatrix}$

Coloring the two columns of a matrix

$\begin{pNiceMatrix}[r,margin]
\CodeBefore
\columncolor{red!15}{1,2}
\Body
a & -b & c \\
-d & e & -f \\
1 & -1 & 1
\end{pNiceMatrix}$

The command \rowcolor can be used to color the individual rows of a matrix

$\begin{pNiceMatrix}[r,margin]
\CodeBefore
\rowcolor{yellow!50}{1}
\Body
a & -b & c \\
-d & e & -f \\
1 & -1 & 1
\end{pNiceMatrix}$

Coloring the two rows of a matrix

$\begin{pNiceMatrix}[r,margin]
\CodeBefore
\rowcolor{yellow!50}{1,3}
\Body
a & -b & c \\
-d & e & -f \\
1 & -1 & 1
\end{pNiceMatrix}$

The command \cellcolor can be used to color the individual cells of a matrix

Above all, the command \cellcolor allows us to use all HTML colors

You can get all html color codes from here —->

$\begin{pNiceMatrix}[r,margin]
\CodeBefore
\cellcolor[HTML]{00FF00}{3-1,2-2,-3}
\Body
a & -b & c \\
-d & e & -f \\
1 & -1 & 1
\end{pNiceMatrix}$

The command \rowlistcolors can be used to color all the individual cells of a matrix by giving a gap of 1empty color between them

$\begin{pNiceMatrix}[r,margin]
\CodeBefore
\rowlistcolors{1}{blue!15, }
\Body
a & -b & c \\
-d & e & -f \\
1 & -1 & 1\\
1 & -1 & 1\\
1 & -1 & 1\\
1 & -1 & 1\\
1 & -1 & 1\\
1 & -1 & 1\\
\end{pNiceMatrix}$

$\begin{pNiceMatrix}[r,margin]
\CodeBefore
\rowlistcolors{1}{red!15,blue!15,green!15}
\Body
a & -b & c \\
-d & e & -f \\
1 & -1 & 1\\
1 & -1 & 1\\
1 & -1 & 1\\
1 & -1 & 1\\
1 & -1 & 1\\
1 & -1 & 1\\
\end{pNiceMatrix}$

The command \rectanglecolor can be used to color specific blocks of a matrix in a rectangular shape with the first, argument as a color second as an upper-left cell of the rectangle, and the third argument as a lower-right cell of the rectangle.

$\begin{pNiceMatrix}[r,margin]
\CodeBefore
\rectanglecolor{blue!15}{2-2}{3-3}
\Body
a & -b & c \\
-d & e & -f \\
1 & -1 & 1\\
1 & -1 & 1\\
\end{pNiceMatrix}$

The command \arraycolor can be used to color all the array in one shot

$\begin{pNiceMatrix}[r,margin]
\CodeBefore
\rowlistcolors{1}{red!15,blue!15,green!15}
\Body
a & -b & c \\
-d & e & -f \\
1 & -1 & 1\\
1 & -1 & 1\\
\end{pNiceMatrix}$

Fix the minimal width of all the columns

With the help of columns width, you can set the space between two columns

$\begin{pNiceMatrix}[columns-width = 1cm]
1 & 12 & 123 \\
12 & 0 & 0 \\
4 & 1 & 2
\end{pNiceMatrix}$

$\begin{pNiceMatrix}[columns-width = 1cm] 1 & 12 & 123 \\ 12 & 0 & 0 \\ 4 & 1 & 2 \end{pNiceMatrix}$

At this point, by setting the columns-width value as auto then at that instant, all the columns of the array will have a width equal to the widest cell of the array

$\begin{pNiceMatrix}[columns-width = auto]
1 & 12 & 12 \\
12 & 0 & 0 \\
4 & 1 & 2
\end{pNiceMatrix}$

$\begin{pNiceMatrix}[columns-width = auto] 1 & 12 & 12 \\ 12 & 0 & 0 \\ 4 & 1 & 2 \end{pNiceMatrix}$

At the same time, it is possible to fix the minimal width of the columns of all the arrays of a current scope with the command \NiceMatrixOptions.

$\NiceMatrixOptions{columns-width=10mm}
\begin{pNiceMatrix}
a & b \\ c & d
\end{pNiceMatrix}
=
\begin{pNiceMatrix}
1 & 124 \\ 345 & 2
\end{pNiceMatrix} $

$\NiceMatrixOptions{columns-width=10mm}\begin{pNiceMatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{pNiceMatrix} = \begin{pNiceMatrix} 1 & 124 \\ 345 & 2 \end{pNiceMatrix}$

The environment {NiceMatrixBlock} allows us to fix a zone were all the matrices will have their columns of the same width at the same time, equal to the widest cell of all the matrices

$\begin{NiceMatrixBlock}[auto-columns-width]
\begin{array}{c}
\begin{bNiceMatrix}
2 & 17 \\ -8 & -6
\end{bNiceMatrix} \\ \\
\begin{bNiceMatrix}
1 & 12453456789 \\ 345 & 2
\end{bNiceMatrix}
\end{array}
\end{NiceMatrixBlock} $

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Exterior rows and columns of a matrix

$\begin{pNiceMatrix}[first-row,last-row,first-col,last-col,nullify-dots]
& C_1 & \Cdots & & C_4 & \\
L_1 & a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13} & a_{14} & L_1 \\
\Vdots & a_{21} & a_{22} & a_{23} & a_{24} & \Vdots \\
& a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{33} & a_{34} & \\
L_4 & a_{41} & a_{42} & a_{43} & a_{44} & L_4 \\
& C_1 & \Cdots & & C_4 &
\end{pNiceMatrix}$

$\begin{pNiceMatrix}[first-row,last-row,first-col,last-col,nullify-dots] & C_1 & \Cdots & & C_4 & \\ L_1 & a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13} & a_{14} & L_1 \\ \Vdots & a_{21} & a_{22} & a_{23} & a_{24} & \Vdots \\ & a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{33} & a_{34} & \\ L_4 & a_{41} & a_{42} & a_{43} & a_{44} & L_4 \\ & C_1 & \Cdots & & C_4 & \end{pNiceMatrix}$

$\NiceMatrixOptions{code-for-first-row = \color{red},
code-for-first-col = \color{blue},
code-for-last-row = \color{green},
code-for-last-col = \color{magenta}}
\begin{pNiceArray}{cc|cc}[first-row,last-row=5,first-col,last-col,nullify-dots]
& C_1 & \Cdots & & C_4 & \\
L_1 & a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13} & a_{14} & L_1 \\
\Vdots & a_{21} & a_{22} & a_{23} & a_{24} & \Vdots \\
\hline
& a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{33} & a_{34} & \\
L_4 & a_{41} & a_{42} & a_{43} & a_{44} & L_4 \\
& C_1 & \Cdots & & C_4 &
\end{pNiceArray} $

$\NiceMatrixOptions{code-for-first-row = \color{red}, code-for-first-col = \color{blue}, code-for-last-row = \color{green}, code-for-last-col = \color{magenta}} \begin{pNiceArray}{cc|cc}[first-row,last-row=5,first-col,last-col,nullify-dots] & C_1 & \Cdots & & C_4 & \\ L_1 & a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13} & a_{14} & L_1 \\ \Vdots & a_{21} & a_{22} & a_{23} & a_{24} & \Vdots \\ \hline & a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{33} & a_{34} & \\ L_4 & a_{41} & a_{42} & a_{43} & a_{44} & L_4 \\ & C_1 & \Cdots & & C_4 & \end{pNiceArray}$

$\begin{bNiceMatrix}
a_1 & \Cdots & & & a_1 \\
\Vdots & a_2 & \Cdots & & a_2 \\
& \Vdots & \Ddots[color=red] \\
\\
a_1 & a_2 & & & a_n
\end{bNiceMatrix}$

$\begin{bNiceMatrix} a_1 & \Cdots & & & a_1 \\ \Vdots & a_2 & \Cdots & & a_2 \\ & \Vdots & \Ddots[color=red] \\ \\ a_1 & a_2 & & & a_n \end{bNiceMatrix}$

vertical space between the rows

vertical position of the arrays

The block command

The code before command

Horizontal lines and vertical lines in a matrix

Dotted Horizontal lines and vertical lines in a matrix

Color the row and column of a matrix

Fix the minimal width of all the columns

Exterior rows and columns of a matrix

Mohammed Anees

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